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Life in China has changed enormously for the better. Since 1949, the government in Beijing has undoubtedly made huge progress in improving the living conditions of the Chinese people. By this aggressive irredentist bent of mind it will not be farfetched that Diaoyu/Senkaku, Spratly and Paracel Islets and Arunachal Pradesh would also figure in its ‘unfinished agenda’ of China’s Century of Humiliation!! Some still say that the Century will not end until Taiwan is reunified with the mainland. The idea of an end of the Century was similarly declared in the repulsion of UN forces in the Korean War, the 1997 reunification of Hong Kong, and the Macau in 1999, and even the hosting of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Both Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong declared the end of the Century of Humiliation in the aftermath of World War II, with Chiang promoting his wartime resistance to Japanese rule and China’s place among the victorious Allies in 1945, while Mao declared it with the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. 8 The time for an end of this Century of Humiliations has been open to different interpretations. In this period, China lost all the wars it fought, often forced to give major concessions to great powers in the subsequent treaties. The other major events often cited as part of the Century of Humiliation (1839-1949) are the unequal Treaties of Whampoa (1844) and Aigun (1858), the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864), the Second Opium War (1856-1860), and the sacking of the Old Summer Palace (18), the Sino-French War (1884-1885), the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), the British invasion of Tibet (1903-1904), the Twenty-one Demands by Japan (1915), and the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
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The beginning of the Century of Humiliation is usually dated to the mid-19th century, on the eve of the First Opium War amidst widespread opium addiction and the political unravelling of Qing Dynasty that followed. The term rose in 1915 in the atmosphere of rising Chinese nationalism. To understand post modern China, another intrinsic part of its modern history needs some indulgence – a factor that predicates their world view even to this day. Endymion Wilkinson denies that the Chinese were unique in thinking of their own country as central, although China was the only culture to use the concept of their name. Some western writers use the translation of ‘middle kingdom’ or ‘central kingdom’ to imply that China has a deeply rooted self-centred psychology as the centre of the universe. 6 In later periods, however, Zhonggou was not used in this sense rather, the country was called by the name of the dynasty, such as the “The Great Ming,” “The Great Qing” as the case might be. The connotation was due to the primacy of a culturally distinct core area, centred on the Yellow River valley, as distinguished from the tribes of the periphery who were only paying tribute to the Emperor. The first character Zhong means ‘central’ or ‘middle’ while guo means ‘state or ‘states’ and in modern times ‘nation’, often translated as ‘Middle Kingdom’ or ‘Central Kingdom.’ In ancient usage, the term referred to the ‘Central States’ of the period before the unification of the empire. 5 Zhongguo is the most common name for China. This reference appeared in the 6th century BCE in texts by the Zhou Dynasty. Traditionally the Chinese have called their country Zhongguo or the Middle Kingdom. Other names it has been called are Cina, Sina, Sinea, Cathay, and Seres some of which were derived from one of the western-most kingdoms as the Qin (Chin), one of the early ruling dynasties 4.
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After Marco Polo popularised China in the West it was referred to as Cin. Through the ages China has been referred by many names. It would be worthwhile to briefly dwell on the origin of China as the country’s name and the genesis of the term “Middle Kingdom”. It does not view the prospect of a strong China exercising influence in economic, cultural, political and military affairs as an unnatural challenge to world order – but rather as a return to a normal state of affairs.” - Henry Kissinger, 2012 3 “China does not see itself as a rising, but a returning power…. China’s White Paper on Peaceful Development, 2011 2 “China’s peaceful development has broken away from the traditional pattern where a rising power was bound to seek hegemony.” “It is China’s intention to be the greatest power in the world.”